蜘蛛侠1

Palestinians are 'stateless' but united by longing for peace, say historians_我的网站

使命召唤

一 | The Palestinian people make up one of the largest refugee groups in the world, often forced off their land or pushed to flee amid ongoing conflict in the region, according to the United Nations.They are stateless, their identity not defined by specific borders, but rather tied together by a collective longing for a place to call home. Their existence has long been traded and transferred by different ruling powers throughout their history, leaving their fate hanging in the balance.Palestinians are a diverse, multi-religious and multicultural group of roughly 14 million people internationally who trace their roots back to what is now known as the Israeli-Palestinian region of the Middle East.Many of them no longer remain there, spread across the globe. Those who remain in the Palestinian territory of Gaza have been under blockade, with Israel controlling nearly everything that comes in and out of the region, including food, fuel and people, and Egypt controlling Gaza’s southern border.Palestinians have been described as a "young society," with people between 15 and 29 years old comprising 30% of the population, according to the United Nations Population Fund.Amid the ongoing Israel-Hamas conflict in the Middle East, Palestinians say they have been "dehumanized" and stereotyped amid the international backlash to Hamas' terrorist actions in Israel.In Gaza, at least 1,799 people have been killed in retaliatory strikes by Israel, with an estimated 7,388 more injured, numbers that are expected to climb. At least 1,300 people have been killed and 3,227 others have been injured in Israel from Hamas attacks.Palestinian historians add that the people's long history of being ignored, attacked and displaced has left many misconceptions about the population unaddressed – something they now hope to remedy."As soon as you identify with them as people – as ordinary human beings – you cannot do to them what's now being done to them right now," said Ussama Makdisi, a history professor at the University of California Berkeley.For example, support for the "Free Palestine" or liberation movement has historically been painted as antisemitic. Palestinian historians say this is another misperception.The fight for liberation, Makdisi said, is about being able to "live with dignity and equality, in a political and social and economic environment where they can thrive like any other people."According to the United Nations, 81% of the population in Gaza lives in poverty, with food insecurity plaguing 63% of Gaza citizens. The unemployment rate is 46.6%, and access to clean water and electricity remains at "crisis" levels of inaccessibility, the U.N. states."Liberation means living with equality, which everybody, I think, once they understand that, most people I would say agree with it,” says Makdisi. “It's exactly what we wish for any people in the world, any people."

'Struggle for liberation'

Despite the difficult circumstances facing Palestinians around the world and in Palestinian territories, they love life, added Yousef Munayyer, a Palestinian-American writer and political analyst."People are looking for ways in the most difficult of moments to celebrate the beauty of life, even under oppression," Munayyer said. "This does not make Palestinians unique. It just makes them as human as everybody else."All of the Palestinian scholars with whom ABC News spoke said the Palestinian passion for fighting to be able to live with dignity has stretched beyond the movement for their own people. Palestinians have been a prominent voice in grassroots activism internationally, including the 2020 anti-racism movement that began in the United States and spread overseas.The young population of Palestinians particularly has moved the needle on their community’s involvement in global social movements, historians say. Nassar believes it’s because younger generations believe their international causes are connected, united in dismantling longstanding systems of oppression.

Palestinian resiliency

The Arabic idea of "sumud," or steadfastness, is a key part of how many Palestinians understand their collective identity, according to Maha Nassar, a history and Islamic studies professor at the University of Arizona. It highlights the near-universal call for liberation, freedom and equality among Palestinians existing in a region under constant conflict – a yearning for peace on Palestinian lands.Sumud can manifest in many ways. It could be as simple as proclaiming one's pride in their Palestinian heritage, or as complicated as grassroots organizing in social movements."Palestinians around the world have taken immense pride and gone to great lengths to ensure that their Palestinian culture and identity is not erased, just because their state does not yet exist," said Nassar.。需要说明的是，这并不是科学记者的夸张之词。天文学家称这些系统为灾难性变星是一个恰当的描述。这个术语描述了一个白矮星和一个次级“正常”恒星的配对，前者是一颗曾经强大的恒星的密集残余物，后者跟太阳类似但质量可能较小。在这对组合的紧密轨道上，白矮星由于其极端的引力而从较大的恒星上吸走恒星物质。周三发表在《自然》上的新灾难性变量的发现其特点是一颗大小为太阳1/100的白矮星和一颗更大的恒星--约是太阳质量的10%并挤在一个木星大小的球体中。这对恒星距离地球约3000光年，其被标记为ZTF J1813+4251。它是在兹威基瞬变设施拍摄的图像中被发现，这是一项广域调查，其使用加州帕洛玛天文台的一台望远镜并依次拍摄数百张天空图像。兹威克瞬变设施目录使天文学家能寻找恒星亮度的快速变化。这就是研究人员发现这对奇特的星体的方式。“这是一个特殊的系统，”麻省理工学院的天体物理学家Kevin Burdge说道。他指出，这是已知的行为最优美的灾难性变数之一。Burdge和他的同事们搜索了茨威基的数据以试图在深黑的太空中找到灯塔。他们希望看到有规律的眨眼特征--Burdge通常在寻找快速的眨眼，这是因为它们往往是一对恒星快速运行的信号。研究小组看到ZTF J1813+4251每51分钟闪烁一次。据悉，这是其中一颗恒星从另一颗恒星前面经过并使其光线变暗。闪烁的时间跟迄今为止发现的灾难性变星的最短轨道相吻合。通过用夏威夷和西班牙的其他望远镜以及天基望远镜进行观测，这使得研究人员对恒星变得更加集中，并能更准确地测量它发出的光线。

二 | 不过这引发了一个难题。Burdge在一份新闻稿中指出：“有一颗恒星看起来像太阳，但是太阳无法进入一个短于8小时的轨道。”太阳的质量使它无法拥有如此紧密的轨道。那么为什么这颗木星大小的恒星会这样做呢？Burdge和研究小组已经确定的解释是，这颗白矮星一直在吞噬其伙伴星的一大块氢。这留下了一个更密集的氦气核心，而这有助于稳定紧密的轨道。简而言之，研究小组是在这一过程的中间阶段观察这对恒星的，当时白矮星已经剥去了大部分的氢。剥离后的白矮星留下了一个吸积盘，它像土星环一样围绕着核心。“这是一个罕见的案例，我们在从氢到氦的吸积过程中抓住了其中的一个系统，”Burdge说道。

三 | 在12亿颗恒星中，该算法挑出了我们迄今发现的最有趣的灾难性变数之一。这一幸运的发现有助于支持早先提出的关于大灾变体过渡到超短轨道的理论，该理论是在近四十年前提出的--现在我们知道这确实发生了。该小组还进行了模拟以确定ZTF J1813+4251的最终命运。他们预测，在约7000万年后，这对天体将更快地围绕对方运行，每18分钟做一次完整的循环。尽管人们不会看到它，但一旦激光干涉仪空间天线(LISA)在2030年代末的某个时候进入轨道，那么研究人员将能更详细地研究这个灾难性的变量。